Method and device for application of structural materials

ABSTRACT

There is disclosed a method of applying activatable material to a member of an article of manufacture such as an automotive vehicle. According to the method, the activatable material is provided to an applicator followed by applying the activatable material to the member wherein the activatable material is attached by way of a mechanical interlock via one or more through-holes.

CLAIM OF PRIORITY

The present application claims the benefit of the filing dates of U.S.application Ser. No. 14/990,867, filed Jan. 8, 2016, U.S. applicationSer. No. 13/112,102, filed May 20, 2011, and U.S. ProvisionalApplication Ser. No. 61/347,067, filed May 21, 2010, which are herebyincorporated by reference for all purposes.

FIELD

The present teachings relates generally to a method of applyingactivatable material to a member wherein the activatable materialself-anchors by forming a mechanical interlock with one or morethrough-holes. The activatable material may be employed for providingadhesion; reinforcement: sealing; baffling; noise, vibration, and/orharshness reductions, a combination thereof, or the like.

BACKGROUND

For many years, industry has been concerned with designing and,providing activatable materials for providing adhesion; baffling;sealing: noise, vibration, and/or harshness reduction; reinforcement;the like, or a combination thereof to articles of manufacture such asautomotive vehicles. More recently, it has become important to applythese materials in a condition that ekes the materials more adaptable tofurther processing or assembly of the articles of manufacture. As anexample, it may be desirable to apply an activatable material to asubstrate prior to activation wherein the substrate requires no priortreatment and the activatable material is attached by interlocking withone or more through-holes via forming the shape of the activatablematerial to adapt to the shape of the through-holes so that theactivatable material holds itself in place. In another example, theactivatable materials may be applied to a first surface that includesfasteners and then the surface and the activatable material are appliedto the article of manufacture: thus, requiring multiple steps so thatthe article of manufacture is prepared for use.

Some challenges faced by known materials are that the materials need tobe pre-shaped, include one or more mechanical fasteners, or some otheradhesive so that the materials are held in place in the pre-activationstate. Other challenges faced by known materials is that the materialsrequire one or more processing steps before the materials are applied toan article of manufacture. For example, the material is first applied toa carrier and then the carrier and the material is applied to thearticle of manufacture. In another example, the material must be shapedand/or formed before the material is attached to the article ofmanufacture. Some examples of materials and application methods ofmaterials may be found in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,358,397; 6,311,452;6,926,784; and 7,249,415; and U.S. Patent Application Nos. 2006/0008615;2006/0045866; 2006/0057333; and 2008/0023987, all of which areincorporated by reference herein for all purposes. Therefore, it isdesirable to have a material that is applied directly to an article ofmanufacture and the material self-anchors itself to the article ofmanufacture. Furthermore, it is desirable to have a material that doesnot require any additional processing steps or components so that thematerial is attached to the article of manufacture.

SUMMARY

One possible embodiment of the present teachings includes: a materialcomprising: a pre-activation state, and the material in thepre-activation state includes: a viscosity and the viscosity of thematerial is sufficient so that a pressure of applying the material isenough to move the material through one or more through-holes in anarticle of manufacture, and the material conforms to the one or morethrough holes to self-anchor the material to the article of manufactureto resist pull-though.

Another possible embodiment of the present teachings includes: a methodcomprising: obtaining an article of manufacture that includes one ormore through-holes; obtaining an activatable material; and applying theactivatable material to the article of manufacture in a continuous beadthat spans between the one or more through-holes so that the activatablematerial is forced through the one or more through-holes forming amechanical interlock between the article of manufacture and theactivatable material

The present teachings contemplate an adhesive material that may beattached to an article of manufacture or a carrier in its pre-activationstate without any mechanical fasteners. The adhesive material, in itspre-activation state, conforms to the through-holes of the article ofmanufacture or carrier (e.g. a substrate, a member, or the like) so thatthe adhesive material self-anchors and attaches to the article ofmanufacture or the carrier.

A method is provided for applying an activatable material directly to amember for providing adhesion; baffling: sealing; noise, vibration,and/or harshness reduction; reinforcement; the like, or a combinationthereof to the member. The member may be formed to have one or morethrough-holes for accepting a portion of the activatable material andmaintaining the location of the activatable material on and/or withinall or a portion of the member. The member may further require notreatment, coatings (e.g., adhesives or the like), or heating forimproving the adhesion of the activatable material to the member.According to the method the activatable material may be provided to anapplicator. Typically, the activatable material includes an epoxy resin,although an epoxy resin is not necessarily required. The activatablematerial may include a solid epoxy resin, a liquid epoxy resin, or acombination thereof. The applicator applies the activatable material(e.g., as a bead) upon a surface of a member of an article ofmanufacture such as an automotive vehicle.

The present teachings provide a material that self-anchors to an articleof manufacture so that the material resists pull-through. The materialis applied directly to the article of manufacture without any additionalmanufacturing steps and/or articles of manufacture. The materialincludes a viscosity that allows the material to be forced through oneor more through-hole openings in an article of manufacture so that thematerial is securely attached to the article of manufacture in itspre-activation state. The material is cured so that the materialactivates attaching the article of manufacture to another article ofmanufacture and permanently securing the material to the article ofmanufacture via the through-hole openings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The features and inventive aspects of the present teachings will becomemore apparent upon reading the following detailed description, claims,and drawings, of which the following is a brief description:

FIG. 1A is a bottom perspective view illustrating one example of theactivatable material, prior to activation, applied to a member inaccordance with the present teachings.

FIG. 1B is a bottom perspective view illustrating the member andactivatable material of FIG. 1A after activation of the activatablematerial.

FIG. 2 is close up view illustrating one example of the activatablematerial applied to a member in accordance with the present teachings asshown in FIG. 1A.

FIG. 3A is a side view illustrating one example of the activatablematerial, prior to activation, applied to a member in accordance withthe present teachings.

FIG. 3B is a side view illustrating the member and activatable materialof FIG. 3A after activation of the activatable material.

FIG. 4 illustrates the activatable material being applied to asubstrate.

FIG. 5 illustrates some possible viscosities of the activatablematerial.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

The following description of the preferred embodiment(s) is merelyexemplary in nature and is in no way intended to limit the teachings,its application, or uses.

The present teachings are a method for applying an activatable materialto a surface of a member. Generally, it is contemplated that thematerial may be applied to various members such as members that are partof a body, a frame, an engine, a hood, a trunk, a bumper, roof, door,tail-gate, a combination thereof, or the like of an automotive vehicle.It is also contemplated that the member may be a carrier for areinforcement, a baffle, a seal, a combination thereof, or the like ofthe automotive vehicle.

The method typically includes the steps of: providing an activatablematerial to an applicator; providing a member of an article ofmanufacture having one or more through-holes; applying the activatablematerial to the member so that a portion of the activatable material islocated proximate or within the one or more through-holes; andoptionally, further processing the member, the article of manufacture,or both.

As used for the present teachings, the term activatable material isintended to mean a material that can be activated to cure, expand (e.g.,foam), soften, flow, or a combination thereof. Thus, it is contemplatedfor the present teachings that an activatable material may be activatedto perform only one of the aforementioned activities or any combinationof the aforementioned activities unless otherwise stated.

The activatable material may comprise a plurality of pellets or a beadthat are fed into an intrusion device in a solid (though pliable) formin accordance with the teachings of commonly owned U.S. Pat. No.5,358,397 (“Apparatus For Extruding Flowable Materials”), herebyexpressly incorporated by reference, such type of apparatus beingreferred to herein as a “mini-applicator” so that the pellets or beadsmay be extruded along and onto portions of an article of manufacture. Apreferred mini-applicator is an extrude-in-place device suitable forextrusion with or without robotic assistance, and which may be portableor remain stationary in a predetermined location. The use of amini-applicator advantageously allows extrusion of meltable plasticmaterials of various section sizes or shapes directly at production orassembly lines. The pellet may then expand and bond to the member andthe body panel when exposed to the e-coat process as well as other paintoperation cycles encountered in a final vehicle assembly facility. Inaddition, it is contemplated that the present teachings may utilize anapplication of expandable material directly to a structural member ortrim component of an automotive vehicle.

The applicator as discussed herein may include a one or morecontrollers, sensors, regulators, or a combination thereof. Theapplicator may have a senor that measures the temperature, shear rate,pressure, viscosity, or a combination thereof of the activatablematerial. The sensor may feed the measured condition to the controllerand the controller may adjust one or more process condition so that theactivatable material is moved through a through-hole and creates amechanical interlock and/or self-anchors to resist pull-through.

The activatable material may be placed onto a member with no applicationof heat to promote bonding. As the assembly is prepared for finalassembly of the vehicle, it is processed through e-coat or otherheat-inducing paint operations which result in expansion and bonding ofthe activatable material from the member to an adjacent wall where theactivatable material cures and remains in place.

The activatable material may be placed unto a member using atmosphericpressure, and atmospheric pressure may force the activatable materialthrough one or more through-holes in the substrate or member so that theactivatable material self-anchors. The amount of pressure used may beconstant for the entire duration of the application process. The amountof pressure used may vary. The amount of pressure may be varied basedupon the viscosity of the activation material, the speed of application,orifice size, or a combination thereof. For example, temperature and/orshear rate may be changed until the activatable material flows out ofthe applicator at atmospheric pressure. Preferably, the activatablematerial is applied to the substrate and/or member using a pressure thatis higher than atmospheric pressure. More preferably, the amount ofpressure used to apply the activatable material may be any pressure sothat the activatable material is applied to a surface of the substrateor member and the activatable material is forced into and through theone or more through-holes so that the activatable material self-anchors.Most preferably, temperature, pressure, shear, or a combination thereofmay be adjusted so that the activatable material flows out of theapplicator and onto an article of manufacture and through thethrough-holes so that the activatable material self-anchors to thearticle of manufacture. The amount of pressure used to apply theactivatable material may be about 1×10⁵ Pa or more, about 1.5×10 ⁵ Pa ormore, about 5×10⁵ Pa or more, or about 1×10⁶ Pa or more. The amount ofpressure used to apply the activatable material may be about 1×10⁸ Pa orless, about 1×10⁷ or less, or about 5×10⁶ or less.

The pressure in applying the activatable material may be consistentlyapplied along the entire length of the substrate or member. The pressureof the activatable material during application may vary along the lengthof the substrate or member. The pressure may be decreased in the regionsurrounding the though-holes. Preferably, the pressure may be increasedin the region surrounding the through-holes. The application pressuremay be increased by about 10 percent or more, about 20 percent or more,about 30 percent or more, about 40 percent or more, or even about 50percent or more in the region surrounding the through-holes. Forexample, the application pressure may be about 5×10⁵ Pa when theactivatable material is applied to a surface the application pressuremay be increased to about 1×10⁶ Pa when the activatable material isbeing applied in the through-hole region. It is contemplated that theapplication pressure may initially be increased in the regionsurrounding the through-holes and then decreased back to normal so thatsome activation material is forced through the through-hole and thenadditional material is placed on the surface of the substrate or member.

The activatable material, in a pre-activation state, includes aviscosity. The viscosity of the activatable material may be anyviscosity that allows the activatable material to be forced through thethrough-holes in the substrate or member. The viscosity of theactivatable material may be any viscosity so that the activatablematerial resists pull through once the activatable material is forcedthrough one or more through-holes in a substrate or member. Theviscosity of the activatable material may be any viscosity so that theactivatable material may be forced through one or more through-holes ina substrate or member and the activatable member is self-anchoring. Theviscosity of activatable material may be sufficient so that once theactivatable material is applied and forced through the through-holes theactivatable material maintains contact with the article and/or does notbecome unattached. The viscosity of the activatable material may be lowenough so that the viscosity flows when subjected to atmosphericpressure. Preferably, the viscosity of the activatable material is highenough so that the viscosity does not flow when subjected to atmosphericpressure. More preferably, the viscosity of the activatable material isany viscosity so that the activatable material is forced through one ormore through-holes in a substrate or member and the activatable materialonce through the substrate or member self-anchors and resist beingpulled back through the one or more through-holes.

The temperature of the activatable material may be any temperature andmay be measured at any location in the process. Preferably, thetemperature of the activatable material as discussed herein is thetemperature of the activatable material as measured shortly beforeand/or during the application process. The temperature of theactivatable material may be between about 0° C. and 300° C., betweenabout 25° C. and 200° C., preferably between about 50° C. and about 150°C., and more preferably between about 85° C. and, about 110° C.

The activatable material may be subject to shear while located in theapplicator. The activatable material may be subject to shear during theapplication process. The shear rate experienced by the activatablematerial may be any shear rate so that the activatable material flows.The shear rate experienced by the activatable material may be any shearrate so that the activatable material flows and remains attached to thearticle. The shear rate may be about 0 or greater, about 100 or greater,about 500 or greater or even about 1000 or greater (sec−1). The shearrate may be about 10,000 or less, about 5,000 or less, or preferablyabout 2,000 or less (sec−1). The shear rate may be between about 0 andabout 10,000 (sec−1), preferably between about 0 and about 5,000(sec−1), and more preferably between about 0 and about 1,000 (sec−1).

The activatable material may be any viscosity so that that theactivatable material flows, and preferably flows through a through-holeand self-anchors to the article of manufacture (i.e. a substrate or amember). The viscosity of the activatable material may be about 100 PaSor more, about 200 PaS or more, or preferably about 300 PaS or more. Theviscosity of the activatable material may be about 10,000 PaS or less,preferably about 8,000 PaS or less, or more preferably about 6,000 PaS,or less.

The viscosity of the activatable material at a temperature of betweenabout 80° C. and about 120° C. may be about 100 Pa*s or higher, about200 Pa*s or higher, preferably about 300 Pa*s or higher, or morepreferably about 400 Pa*s or higher measured at a shear rate of betweenabout 0 and about 1000 (sec−1). The viscosity of the activatablematerial at a temperature of between about 80° C. and about 120° C. maybe about 10,000 Pa*s or lower, about 8,000 Pa*s or lower, preferablyabout 6,000 Pa*s or lower, or more preferably about 5,000 Pa*s or lowermeasured at a shear rate of between about 0 and about 1000 (sec−1).

The viscosity of the activatable material may be varied by heating theactivatable material. The viscosity of the activatable material maychange by about 1 P*s or more, about 5 Pa*s or more, about 10 Pa*s ormore, or even about 20 Pa*s or more for every 1° C. the temperatureincreases or decreases. The viscosity of the activatable material maychange by about 100 Pa*s or less, about 50 Pa*s or less, about 40 Pa*sor less, or even about 30 Pa*s or less for every 1° C. the temperatureincreases or decreases. The viscosity of the activatable material maychange by about 1 Pa*s or more, about 5 Pa*s or more, about 10 Pa*s ormore, or even about 20 Pa*s or more for every 50 sec−1 that shearincreases or decreases. The viscosity of the activatable material maychange by about 100 Pa*s or less, about 50 Pa*s or less, about 40 Pa*sor less, or even about 30 Pa*s or less for every 50 sec−1 that shearincreases or decreases. The present teachings may employ one or moremethods discussed herein to adjust viscosity. For example, thecomposition of the activatable material may be varied by increasing ordecreasing the amount of a less viscous or more viscous substances,increasing or decreasing the amount of substances with a low or highmolecular weight, increasing the temperature of the activatablematerial, increasing or decreasing the amount of shear, or a combinationthereof so that the viscosity is increased or decreased.

It is contemplated that if temperature is used to increase the viscosity(i.e. change the flow characteristics of the activatable material) thatthe temperature may be high enough so as to create a first level ofactivation upon cooling of the activatable material. Preferably, thetemperature of the activatable material remains low enough so that theactivatable material is not activated as the activatable material isapplied to the substrate or member. The temperature of the activatablematerial may be high enough so that the viscosity changes and theactivatable material is forced though holes in the substrate or memberand upon cooling the viscosity of the activatable material decreases sothat the activatable material self-anchors to the substrate or memberand resists pull-though.

The size, shape, diameter, or a combination thereof of the applicationorifice may be changed as the activatable material passes though thenozzle during the application step. The application orifice may be aconstant size, shape, diameter, or a combination thereof. However, theapplication orifice may have a variable size, shape, diameter, or acombination thereof. The pressure in applying the activatable materialmay remain constant along the length of the substrate or member. Thepressure in applying the activatable material may be varied by changingthe size, shape, diameter, or a combination thereof of the applicationorifice. For example, the diameter of the application orifice may bereduced in size when the activatable material is being applied in thethrough-hole region. The reduction in size may temporarily increase theforce in which the activatable material is applied to the through-holeso that the activatable material is pushed through the through-hole sothat the activatable material self-anchors. It is contemplated to thatonce some material is forced through the through-hole that the size ofthe application orifice may be increased so that a constant amount ofmaterial is applied along the length of the application surface. It isfurther contemplated that the orifice may be increased over thethrough-holes building up an amount of activatable material and then theorifice size decreased so that the pressure is increased and theactivatable material is forced through the through-holes.

The method of applying the activatable material may be any method sothat the activatable material self-anchors to the substrate or member.The activatable material may be applied to a surface of the structure ormember at a constant rate. The activatable material may be applied tothe surface at a variable rate. For example, the activatable materialmay be applied at one rate between through-holes and the rate may bereduced at the through-holes so that additional material may be added atthat location to compensate for the volume of activatable material thatpasses into the through-hole. The activatable material may be applied ata rate of about 1 cm/second or more, about 10 cm/second or more, orabout 20 cm/second or more. The activatable material may be applied at arate of about 100 cm/second or less, about 50 cm/second or less, orabout 40 cm/second or less. The activatable material may be applied at arate, in the through-hole region, that is about 50 percent or slower,about 60 percent or slower, or about 70 percent or slower than when theactivatable material is being applied to the region outside thethrough-hole regions. For example, if the activatable material is beingapplied at a rate of 20 cm/second between the through-hole regions itwill be applied at the through-hole regions at a rate of about 10cm/second if the rate is reduced by 50 percent.

The activatable material may be applied using one or more of themethods, techniques, or steps discussed herein. The pressure forapplying the activatable material may be formed by the weight of theactivatable material pushing the activatable through the orifice. Theweight of the activatable material may create a “head” such as ahydraulic head. The application speed may be varied by creating a talleror shorter column of activatable material. In a preferred embodiment theorifice size of the application device is constant and the size of theactivatable material is varied by adjusting the application speed of theapplicator (i.e. moving the applicator or the article of manufacturerfaster or slower).

Depending upon the technique employed for providing the activatablematerial to the applicator, the various components of the activatablematerial may intermix within the applicator, may be intermixed prior tobeing provided to the applicator, may intermix upon or after exiting theapplicator, or a combination thereof. Typically, it is desirable for theactivatable material to be substantially homogeneous upon application toa substrate, although not required.

Generally, it is contemplated that the activatable material may beprovided to an applicator using a variety of techniques. It is furthercontemplated that the activatable material may be provided to theapplicator in a variety of conditions. For instance, the activatablematerial may be solid, semi-solid, flowable, liquid, a combinationthereof or the like. Moreover, the activatable material may be providedto the applicator as a substantially continuous mass or as a pluralityof masses (e.g., pellets).

The activatable material may be formed of a variety of suitablematerials. In one embodiment, the activatable material is formed of aheat activated material having foamable characteristics, although notrequired. In alternative embodiments, the material may be non-foamableor non-expanding. The material may be generally dry to the touch (e.g.,non-tacky) or slightly tacky, or more substantially tacky and may beshaped in any form of desired pattern, placement, or thickness, but ispreferably of substantially uniform thickness. Preferably, theactivatable material when applied has some tack so that the tackiness ofthe activatable material assists in holding the activatable material onthe article of manufacture.

From a chemical standpoint for a thermally-activated material, which maybe structural, sealing, or acoustical, can be initially processed as aflowable material before curing, and upon curing, the material willtypically cross-link making the material incapable of further flow.

The activatable material may include a polymeric admixture, an impactmodifier and one or a combination of a blowing agent, a curing agent, ora filler. Additional aspects of the present teachings may be gleanedfrom the teachings herein, including those of Column 7; line 38 toColumn 8; line 41 of U.S. Pat. No. 7,892,396 incorporated by referenceherein, which shows various curing agents and fillers that may be usedin the activatable material.

The activatable material preferably includes at least three of thefollowing: about 2 to about 80 percent by weight epoxy resin; about 2 toabout 70 percent by weight polymer or oligomer (e.g., epoxy)/elastomeradduct; one or more additional polymers, which typically include a oneor more ethylene polymers or copolymers: about 2 to about 70 percent byweight impact modifier; up to about 5 parts by weight of a blowingagent; up to about 7 parts by weight of a curing agent; and a filler.Additional aspects of the present teachings may be gleaned from theteachings herein, including those of Column 2; line 36 to Column 3; line10 of U.S. Pat. No. 7,892,396 incorporated by reference herein, whichshows various Epoxy Resins that may be used in the activatable material.Additional aspects of the present teachings may be gleaned from theteachings herein, including those of Column 3; lines 11 to 67 of U.S.Pat. No. 7,892,396 incorporated by reference herein, which shows variousAdducts that may be used in the activatable material. Additional aspectsof the present teachings may be gleaned from the teachings herein,including those of Column 4; lines 1 to 28 of U.S. Pat. No. 7,892,396incorporated by reference herein, which shows various Polymers orCopolymers that may be used in the activatable material.

The concentration may be higher or lower depending upon the intendedapplication of the activatable material. In a preferred aspect of theteachings, the impact modifier includes one or more core/shell polymers.Additional aspects of the present teachings may be gleaned from theteachings herein, including those of Column 5; line 31 to Column 6; line67 of U.S. Pat. No. 7,892,396 incorporated by reference herein, whichshows venous impact modifiers that may be used in the activatablematerial.

It is also contemplated that the activatable material may include one ormore conductive materials, which can assist in weld-through of thematerial. Examples of such materials include graphite, carbon-black,iron phosphide, metal particulate (e.g., pellets, shavings or the like),combinations thereof or the like. Additional aspects of the presentteachings may be gleaned from the teachings herein, including those ofColumn 8; lines 43 to 67 of U.S. Pat. No. 7,892,396 incorporated byreference herein, which shows various additives that may be used in theactivatable material.

Generally, applicators of the present teachings may apply activatablematerial of the present teachings to a substrate or member in a varietyof configurations and may apply the material to a variety of members.The activatable material may be applied in any configuration so that theactivatable material is useful for one or more of the purposes discussedherein. Preferably, the activatable material is applied, so that theactivatable material self-anchors to the substrate or member to which itis applied. As examples, it is contemplated that the activatablematerial may be applied as continuous (e.g., as a singular continuousmass) or discontinuous (e.g., as multiple separated masses) mass.Furthermore, the activatable material may be applied in a variety ofshapes (e.g., as a bead, as a layer or otherwise) and a variety ofthickness. The activatable material may be applied to the substrate ormember in a pre-activation state. The activatable material may beapplied in a semi-activated states (e.g. the activatable material may beheated to a temperature so that curing has begun as the activatablematerial is being applied).

The dimensions of the activatable material, in a pre-activation state,may be any dimension so that the activatable material may be used forone or more of the purposes discussed herein. For example, theactivatable material may be applied so that it includes a thickness(i.e. an amount of material measured from the substrate or member to thetop of the activatable material); a width (i.e. from one longitudinaledge of activatable to the opposing longitudinal edge of activatablematerial); and a length (i.e. from a proximal end to a distal end of theactivatable material). The thickness may be between about 0.1 mm toabout 2 cm, preferably between about 0.5 mm to about 5 mm, and morepreferably between about 3 mm and about 4 mm although such thickness mayvary widely depending upon the desired function or particularapplication of the activatable material. The width may be between about0.1 mm to about 2 cm, preferably between about 0.5 mm to about 5 mm, andmore preferably between about 3 mm and about 4 mm. The length of theactivatable material will vary depending on the application, substrateor article, and application style (e.g. continuous or discontinuous).The activatable material may be applied so that the activatable materialhas a diameter (e.g. is generally round or oval shaped). Typically, theactivatable material will form a “D” shape on the substrate or member.The activatable material may be applied so that the activatable materialis any shape. The activatable material once applied may have a generallynon-uniform structure. For example, the dimensions of the activatablematerial may vary along the length of the surface. In another example,the activatable material may become thinner at the through-holes. Theactivatable material may include partial gaps in the through-holeregions. For example, a portion of the activatable material will enterinto the hole and some material will be placed around the hole so thatthe hole remains visible due to the material not completely filling thethrough-hole. However, it is contemplated that the activatable materialmay be thicker at the through-holes so that the through-holes are notvisible after the activatable material is applied to the through-holeregion. The activatable material may be substantially uniform along thelength, width, or both of the surfaces.

The diameter of the activatable material in the largest dimension otherthan length (i.e. thickness, width, or a distance between the two) maybe about 0.1 mm or greater, about 0.5 mm or greater, about 1.0 mm orgreater, preferably about 2.0 mm or greater, or more preferably about3.0 mm or greater. The activatable material in the largest dimension maybe about 5 cm or less, about 4 cm or less, preferably about 3 cm orless, more preferably about 2 cm or less, or most preferably about 1 cmor less. The diameter in the largest dimension may be between about 0.5mm and about 1 cm and preferably between about 2 mm and about 5 mm. Itis contemplated that the size of the activatable material, in itspre-activation state, may vary slightly after application (i.e. thematerial may flow, densify, expand, compress, or a combination thereof)affecting the size of the activatable material on the substrate ormember.

The activatable material once forced through the through-hole may have ashape. The shape of the activatable material on the back side of thesurface may be any shape so that the activatable material self-anchorsand resists pull-through. The activatable material may form a mushroomshaped button, a “T” shape, may curl over the edge, may fold over theedge, or a combination thereof. The activatable material may projectstraight through the through-hole so that the size of the activatablematerial is substantially the same as the through-hole. The activatablematerial may form an angle relative to the through-hole so that theactivatable material self-anchors and resists pull-through.

The activatable material of the present teachings has been foundparticularly useful for applications requiring sealing and structuralreinforcement. For these applications, expansion of the activatablematerial is typically small if there is any expansion at all. Ingeneral, it is desirable for the material to include good adhesiondurability. Moreover, it is typically desirable that, the material doesnot generally interfere with the materials systems employed byautomobile or other manufacturers.

In applications where the activatable material is a heat activatedmaterial, an important consideration involved with the selection andformulation of the material is the temperature at which a material curesand, if expandable, the temperature of expansion. Typically, thematerial becomes reactive (cures, expands, or both) at higher processingtemperatures, such as those encountered in an automobile assembly plant,when the foam is processed along with the automobile components atelevated temperatures or at higher applied energy levels, e.g., duringpaint curing steps. Additional aspects of the present teachingsregarding expansion may be gleaned from the teachings herein, includingthose of Column lines 1 to 37 of U.S. Pat. No. 7,892,396 incorporated byreference herein, which shows various Blowing Agents that may be used inthe activatable material. While temperatures encountered in anautomobile assembly operation may be in the range of about 148.89° C. to204.44° C. (about 300° F. to 400° F.), body and paint shop applicationsare commonly about 93.33° C. (about 200° F.) or slightly higher. Theactivatable material may be cured by more than one temperature.Additional aspects of the present teachings regarding two temperaturecuring may be gleaned from the teachings herein, including those ofParagraphs 0094 to 0107 of U.S. Patent Application No. 2008/0029214incorporated by reference herein, which shows various materials, agents,and methods that may be used to two temperature cure the activatablematerial.

The activatable material as discussed herein may be cured by methodsother than temperature. The activatable material may be cured bymoisture. Additional aspects of the present teachings regarding moisturecure may be gleaned from the teachings herein, including those ofParagraphs 0076 to 0093 of U.S. Patent Application No. 2008/0029214incorporated by reference herein, which shows various materials, agents,and methods that may be used to moisture cure the activatable material.The activatable material may be cured by exposure to other stimulus suchas UV light, energy waves, microwaves, or a combination thereof.Additional aspects of the present teachings regarding stimulus curingmay be gleaned from the teachings herein, including those of Paragraphs0115 to 0119 of U.S. Patent Application No. 2008/0029214 incorporated byreference herein, which shows various materials, agents, and methodsthat may be used to stimulus cure the activatable material.

If the activatable material is expandable, it may be configured to havea wide variety of volumetric expansion levels. As an example, theactivatable material may expand to at least about 101%, at least about300%, at least about 500%, at least about 800%, at least about 1100%, atleast about 1500%, at least about 2000%, at least about 2500% or atleast about 3000% its original or unexpanded volume. Of course, in otherembodiments, the expandable material may be configured to have lessvolumetric expansion, particularly for structural applications. Forexample, the expandable material may be configured to expand betweenabout 110% and about 700% (i.e., about 10% to about 600% greater thatthan the original unexpended volume), more typically between about 130%and about 400% its original or unexpanded volume.

Upon application to a member and thereafter, it may be desirable for theactivatable material to exhibit, desired characteristics to allow forfurther processing or assembly of the activatable material, the memberto which it is applied or both. For example, it may be desirable for theactivatable material to be elastic such that it can be deformed orstretched followed by allowing the material to at least partially regainits original configuration.

After activation and depending upon the intended use of the activatablematerial, the material will typically exhibit one or more desiredcharacteristics such as strength, sound absorption, vibration dampening,combinations thereof, or the like. It is possible that the activatableor activated material can exhibit a shear strength (e.g., a lap shearstrength) greater than about 500 psi, more typically greater than about1000 psi, even more typically greater than about 1500 psi and still moretypically greater than about 2200 psi.

The activatable material may exhibit one or more of the characteristicsdiscussed herein when applied to a substrate or a member discussedherein. The activatable material and the substrate or member may form amechanical interlock therebetween so that the activatable material isanchored to the substrate or member without the addition of any othermaterials. The substrate or member includes one or more surfaces thatinclude through-holes. The substrate or member may include one or morethrough-holes on each surface. The through-holes may be formed at anylocation along the surface so that upon application of the activatablematerial, the activatable material contacts the one or more-throughholes so that the through-holes maintain the location of the activatablematerial on or within the member. As such, no additional materials(e.g., adhesives) or treatments (e.g., heating or cooling) may berequired to maintain the position of the activatable material upon orwithin the member. The activatable material and substrate or member maybe free of any material used to assist in holding the activatablematerial on the substrate or member. The activatable material andsubstrate or member may be free of mechanical fasteners. The activatablematerial and substrate or member may be free of push pins. Theactivatable material and substrate or member may be free of an adhesive.The activatable material in its pre-activation and/or post activationstates may be free of tack (i.e. is dry to the touch). The activatablematerial in its pre-activation and/or post activation states may betacky.

The through-holes may be formed by moving material so that a hole isformed in the substrate or member. For example, the through-holes may beformed or punched through the member so that the through-holes includeone or more side walls as a result of the forming process such that theside wails of the through-holes may contact the activatable material toassist in maintaining the position of the activatable material. Duringformation of the through-holes, rosettes (i.e. flared pieces ofsubstrate or the member) may be formed so that as the activatablematerial is forced through the through-holes the activatable materialbecomes intertwined in the rosettes and self-anchors the activatablematerial. The through-holes may be formed by removing material. Forexample, the holes may be formed by drilling, cutting (e.g. with atorch, laser, plasma cutter, or the like), melting, or a combinationthereof. The through holes may be integrally formed during creation ofthe substrate or member. The substrate or member may be free of anyconfiguration that assists in attachment of the activatable material.The substrate may include one or more features discussed herein forassisting in attaching the activatable material to the substrate ormember.

The substrate or member may include one or more through-holes forattachment. Preferably, the substrate or member includes at least twothrough-holes on each surface that are configured to receive activatablematerial. It is contemplated that if a surface includes twothrough-holes that the through-holes may be located on opposing endregions of the surface; however, the through-holes may be located atalmost any location along the surface. Preferably, each surface includesa plurality of through-holes. More preferably, each surface includes asufficient amount of through-holes so that the activatable material mayself-anchor. The number of through-holes and distance between thethrough-holes may be dependent on one or more variables such as size ofthe through-hole, material of the substrate, viscosity of theactivatable material, temperature of the activatable material, length ofthe substrate or member, chemical composition of the activatablematerial, strength characteristics of the substrate or member, bead sizeof the activatable material, or a combination thereof.

The through-holes may be spaced apart on each surface. The distancebetween the through-holes may be any distance so that the through-holesdo not affect the structural integrity of the surface, the substrate, orthe member. Preferably, the through-holes are spaced far enough apartthat the structural integrity of the substrate or member is not affectedbut close enough so that the activatable material is held in placebetween the through-holes. The distance between through holes may varyfrom application to application. The through-holes may be spaced about 1mm or more apart, about 5 mm or more apart, preferably about 7 mm ormore apart, or more preferably about 1 cm or more apart. Thethrough-holes may be spaced about 20 cm or less, about 10 cm or lessapart, about 5 cm or less apart, preferably about 4 cm or less apart, ormore preferably about 3 cm or less apart. The through-holes may bespaced about 1 cm to about 10 cm apart, preferably about 1.5 cm to about5 cm apart, and more preferably about 1.8 to about 2.5 cm apart. Thespacing of the through-holes may depend on the diameter of thethrough-hole. For example, if the through holes are 2 mm in diameterthen they may be spaced about 2 cm apart, and if the through-holes are 5mm in diameter then they may be spaced about 1.5 cm apart. Thethrough-holes may be spaced unevenly apart. For example, two holes maybe 1 cm apart and the next two holes may be 3 cm apart. The spacingbetween the through-holes may be any spacing discussed herein.

The largest dimension of the through-holes (e.g. diameter of thethrough-holes) may be any dimension so that the activatable material maybe forced through the through-hole and self-anchor. The largestdimension may be any size so that the activatable material may be forcedthrough the through-hole and self anchor. Preferably the largestdimension may be any size so that the activatable material may be forcedthrough the through-hole and not sag off of the article of manufacture.For example, if the dimension is too large than the weight of theactivatable material during application may cause the activatablematerial to sag and break off of the article of manufacture. The shapeof the through-holes may be any shape so that the activatable materialself-anchors to the substrate or member. The through-holes may be shapedlike a star, square, rectangular, triangle, heart, “U,” “C,” “X,” thelike, or a combination thereof. Preferably the through-holes arecircular or oval. The dimension of the through-holes may vary fromapplication to application. The dimension of the through-holes may beabout 1 mm or larger, about 2 mm or larger, preferably about 3 mm orlarger, or more preferably about 4 mm or larger. The dimension of thethrough-holes may be about 3 cm or less, about 2 cm or less, preferablyabout 1 cm or less, or more preferably about 0.8 cm or less. Thedimension of the through-holes may be between about 2 mm and 1.0 cm andpreferably between about 4 mm and 8 mm. The size, shape, dimension, or acombination thereof may vary from location to location. For example, onethrough-hole may be a square and the next through-hole may be a circle.

The members to which the activatable material are applied may beconfigured for installation within a variety of articles of manufactureas discussed. Preferably, the activatable material is applied to amember that is to be assembled to an automotive vehicle. Members thatmay be assembled to an automotive vehicle can include, withoutlimitation, body members (e.g., inner or outer quarter panels, inner orouter panels of a vehicle door, hood, roof, closure panel, a bumper, apillar, combinations thereof or the like), frame members (e.g., framerails), engine or chassis components or other members. Other members,which may be assembled to an automotive vehicle include carrier members,which may be used to form baffles, reinforcement members, combinationsthereof or the like. The members may be made of any material used tomake an article of manufacture, and preferably an automotive vehicle.The members may be made of metal, plastic, a synthetic material, anatural material, or a combination thereof. Preferably, the members aremade of steel.

The activatable material may be useful in adhering; baffling; sealing;reducing noise, vibration, and/or harshness; reinforcing; strengthening;or a combination thereof at least two articles of manufacture together.The activatable material may be useful in adhering; baffling; sealing;reducing noise, vibration, and/or harshness; reinforcing; strengthening;or a combination thereof at least two articles of manufacture togetherthat are made of similar materials. The activatable may be useful inadhering; baffling; sealing; reducing noise, vibration, and/orharshness; reinforcing; strengthening; or a combination thereof at leasttwo articles of manufacture together that are made of dissimilarmaterials.

The present teachings may be created using a method. The method mayinclude one or more of the method steps discussed herein. The method mayinclude the creation of the activatable material. The activatablematerial may be created by combining one or more of the ingredientsrecited herein into a mixing vessel. The ingredients may be mixed untilthe ingredients are thoroughly mixed forming a homogeneous mixture. Theingredients may be heated. The ingredients may be cooled. The viscosityof the ingredients may be measured. The viscosity of the mixture may beincreased. The viscosity of the ingredients may be reduced. Themolecular weight of the mixture may be increased. The molecular weightof the mixture may be reduced. The activatable material, raw materials,or both may be moved to the application device. The activatablematerials, raw materials, or both may be mixed in the applicationdevice. The application device may be an extruder. The applicationdevice may be a mini-applicator.

The present teachings may include obtaining a substrate or member (e.g.an article of manufacture). The present teachings may include one ormore steps in preparing the substrate or member. Through-holes may bedrilled into the substrate or member. Through-holes may be punched intothe substrate or article of manufacture. The through-holes may bepolished, sanded, ground, or a combination thereof after creation.

The present teachings may include one or more steps of applying theactivatable material. The steps of applying the activatable material mayinclude the step of measuring the viscosity. The viscosity may beadjusted. The temperature may be measured. The temperature may beadjusted. The amount of shear applied to the activatable material may beadjusted. The application pressure may be tested. The applicationpressure may be adjusted. The step of applying the activatable materialmay include a step of measuring all of the process variables discussedherein and adjusting one or more of the process variables (e.g.viscosity; temperature; orifice size, shape, diameter; chemicalcomposition; pressure; or a combination thereof) so that the activatablematerial once applied self-anchors to the substrate or member andresists pull-through. The application may include a controller thatcontrols one or more process variable. The applicator may adjust one ormore process variable. The method of applying the activatable materialmay further include the steps of increasing or decreasing the rate ofapplication of the activatable material. Adjusting the speed theapplication device moves, the part moves relative to the applicationdevice, or both. Adjusting the size of the opening of the applicationorifice. The method further contemplates performing one or more of themethod steps disclosed herein simultaneously. For example, the speed atwhich the activatable material is applied may be increased and theorifice opening may simultaneously be decreased as the orifice entersthe through-hole region.

Illustrative Embodiments

The following examples are provided to illustrate the teachings, but arenot intended to limit the scope thereof.

FIG. 1A illustrates the activatable material 2 in its pre-activationstate applied to an article of manufacture 4. The article of manufacture4 includes a plurality of holes 6 and the activatable material 2 extendsthrough the holes forming a mechanical interlock 8 so that theactivatable material 2 is self-anchored to the article of manufacture 4.

FIG. 1B illustrates the activatable material 2 in its post-activationstate. The activatable material 2 is expanded on both sides of theplurality of holes 6 and forms a mechanical interlock 8 so that theactivatable material 2 resists pull-though and is self-anchored to thearticle of manufacture 4.

FIG. 2 is a close-up view of the activatable material 2 of FIG. 1A. Theactivatable material 2 is extending through one of through-holes 6 andexpands once through the through-hole 6 forming a mushroom shaped button10. The mushroom shaped button 10 extends over the edges of thethrough-hole 6 and forms a mechanical interlock 8 so that theactivatable material 2 is self-anchored to the article of manufacture 4and resists being pulled back through the through-hole 6.

FIG. 3A illustrates a side view of the activatable material 2 of FIG.1A. The activatable material forms a semi-continuous bead that extendspartially around the through-holes 6 and stops partially at thethrough-holes 6 as the activatable material 2 extends down and into thethrough-holes 6.

FIG. 3B illustrates a side view of the activatable material of FIG. 1B.The activatable material when activated forms a more continuous beadalong the article of manufacture 4. The activatable material 2 includesrecesses 16 where the activatable material stopped at the holes in thepre-activation state. The expanded activatable material 2 forms amechanical interlock 8 with the plurality of holes 6.

FIG. 4 illustrates the activatable material 2 being applied to thearticle of manufacture 4. The activatable material 2 is being forcedthrough the holes 6 by the application of pressure only. The pressureforces the activatable material 2 though the plurality of holes 6 sothat the activatable material 2 forms a mechanical interlock 8. Thefirst hole has the activatable material 2 forced all of the way throughthe through-hole 6 so that on one side the activatable material extendsaround 12 the through-hole 6 and in another region the activatablematerial 2 stops 14 at the through-hole 6 forming a recess 16 in theactivatable material. The second through-hole illustrates theactivatable being forced through the through-hole 6 during theapplication process.

FIG. 5 illustrates the effect of temperature and shear rate on theviscosity of the activatable material. FIG. 5 shows that as the shearrate increases the viscosity of the activatable material decreases. Theshear rate has a greater effect on the viscosity at lower temperaturesthan at higher temperatures. As illustrated, the viscosity of theactivatable material at 110° C. remains linear; whereas, the viscosityof the activatable material at 85° C. is a generally exponential curve.

Any numerical values recited herein include all values from the lowervalue to the upper value in increments of one unit provided that thereis a separation of at least 2 units between any lower value and anyhigher value. As an example, if it is stated that the amount of acomponent or a value of a process variable such as, for example,temperature, pressure, time and the like is, for example, from 1 to 90,preferably from 20 to 80, more preferably from 30 to 70, it is intendedthat values such as 15 to 85, 22 to 68, 43 to 51, 30 to 32 etc. areexpressly enumerated in this specification. For values which are lessthan one, one unit is considered to be 0.0001, 0.001, 0.01 or 0.1 asappropriate. These are only examples of what is specifically intendedand all possible combinations of numerical values between the lowestvalue and the highest value enumerated are to be considered to beexpressly stated in this application in a similar manner. As can beseen, the teaching of amounts expressed as “parts by weight” herein alsocontemplates the same ranges expressed in terms of percent by weight.Thus, an expression in the Detailed Description of the Teachings of arange in terms of at “‘x’ parts by weight of the resulting polymericblend composition” also contemplates a teaching of ranges of samerecited amount of “x” in percent by weight of the resulting polymericblend composition.”

Unless otherwise stated, all ranges include both endpoints and allnumbers between the endpoints. The use of “about” or “approximately” inconnection with a range applies to both ends of the range. Thus, “about20 to 30” is intended to cover “about 20 to about 30”, inclusive of atleast the specified endpoints.

The disclosures of all articles and references, including patentapplications and publications, are incorporated by reference for allpurposes. The term “consisting essentially of” to describe a combinationshall include the elements, ingredients, components or steps identified,and such other elements ingredients, components or steps that do notmaterially affect the basic and novel characteristics of thecombination. The use of the terms “comprising” or “including” todescribe combinations of elements, ingredients, components or stepsherein also contemplates embodiments that consist essentially of theelements, ingredients, components or steps. By use of the term “may”herein, it is intended that any described attributes that “may” beincluded are optional.

Plural elements, ingredients, components or steps can be provided by asingle integrated element, ingredient, component or step. Alternatively,a single integrated element, ingredient, component or step might bedivided into separate plural elements, ingredients, components or steps.The disclosure of “a” or “one” to describe an element, ingredient,component or step is not intended to foreclose additional elements,ingredients, components or steps. All references herein to elements ormetals belonging to a certain Group refer to the Periodic Table of theElements published and copyrighted by CRC Press, Inc., 1989. Anyreference to the Group or Groups shall be to the Group or Groups asreflected in this Periodic Table of the Elements using the IUPAC systemfor numbering groups.

It is understood that the above description is intended to beillustrative and not restrictive. Many embodiments as well as manyapplications besides the examples provided will be apparent to those ofskill in the art upon reading the above description. The scope of theteachings should, therefore, be determined not with reference to theabove description, but should instead be determined with reference tothe appended claims, along with the full scope of equivalents to whichsuch claims are entitled. The disclosures of all articles andreferences, including patent applications and publications, areincorporated by reference for all purposes. The omission in thefollowing claims of any aspect of subject matter that is disclosedherein is not a disclaimer of such subject matter, nor should it beregarded that the inventors did not consider such subject matter to bepart of the disclosed inventive subject matter.

1. A structural assembly comprising: a material in a pre-activationstate that is viscous, flowable and uncured; an article of manufacturethat includes a surface and one or more through holes; wherein thematerial is applied to the article of manufacture in a continuous beadalong a length of the article of manufacture; wherein the material isforced through the one or more through holes forming a mechanicalinterlock between the article of manufacture and the material; andwherein the material in the pre-activation state includes: a viscosityand the viscosity of the material is sufficient so that a pressure ofapplying the material is enough to move the material through one or morethrough holes in an article of manufacture, and the material conforms tothe one or more through holes to self-anchor the material to the articleof manufacture to resist pull-though.
 2. The structural assembly ofclaim 1, wherein the viscosity of the material is low enough so that thematerial will not flow unless subjected to a pressure higher thanatmospheric pressure.
 3. The structural assembly of claim 2, wherein thematerial is activatable and includes a solid epoxy, liquid epoxy, orboth.
 4. The structural assembly of claim 3, wherein the materialfurther includes an impact modifier.
 5. The structural assembly of claim1, wherein the article of manufacture includes a plurality of throughholes, wherein the material is applied to the article of manufacture asa continuous bead that extends at least partially along the article ofmanufacture and forms the mechanical interlock with the plurality ofthrough holes in the article of manufacture so that the material resistsbeing pull-through the holes, and the material spans between theplurality of through-holes.
 6. The structural assembly of claim 1,wherein the material and the article of manufacture are free of anymechanical fasteners that fixedly connect the activatable material tothe article of manufacture.
 7. The structural assembly of claim 1,wherein the material is applied directly to the article of manufacturevia a mini applicator.
 8. The structural assembly of claim 1, whereinthe mechanical interlock is created simultaneously as the activatablematerial is applied to the article of manufacture.
 9. The structuralassembly of claim 1, wherein the continuous bead has a size in thelargest dimension of about 2 mm to about 5 mm.
 10. The structuralassembly of claim 9, wherein the continuous bead has a size in thelargest dimension of about 3 mm to about 4 mm.
 11. The structuralassembly of claim 1, wherein the material, in its pre-activation state,is dry to the touch.
 12. The structural assembly of claim 1, wherein thematerial, in its pre-activation state, is tacky.
 13. The structuralassembly of claim 1, wherein the material when activated expands andhardens so that the material adheres; baffles; seals; reduces noise,vibration, and/or harshness; reinforces; or a combination thereof atleast two articles of manufacture together.
 14. The structural assemblyof claim 1, wherein the material changes size after the material isforced through the one or more through holes so that the materialresists being pulled back through the one or more holes.
 15. (canceled)16. (canceled)
 17. The structural assembly of claim 1, wherein thematerial is applied directly to the article of manufacture using a miniapplicator; wherein the activatable material and the article ofmanufacture are free of any mechanical fasteners that fixedly connectthe material to the article of manufacture.
 18. (canceled) 19.(canceled)
 20. The structural assembly of claim 1, wherein the materialis cured by exposure to UV light.
 21. The structural assembly of claim1, wherein the mechanical interlock is formed by raising applicationpressure when applying the material in a region surrounding the at leastone of the one or more through holes to force the material through theat least one of the one or more through holes.
 22. The structuralassembly of claim 1, wherein the material is capable of undergoing afirst cure to secure le mechanical interlock between the article ofmanufacture and the material, and wherein the material is still capableof a final curing and expansion step.
 23. The structural assembly ofclaim 1, wherein the material includes an epoxy resin.
 24. Thestructural assembly of claim 1, wherein the material in itspre-activation state has a viscosity of about 10,000 Pa·s or less.